Wired has an interesting blog post up on the greatest gadgets from all of history, including the Antikythera Computer, the pocket watch and the Baghdad Batteries. But the most interesting gadgets they list relate a lot to what most people use now; Virtual Globes, and GPS / navigation.
First up is the The Seamless Globe. The earliest known model was invented by Eratosthenes in 255BC, with Zhang Heng creating a water-powered example in the second century. With the greatest being the seamless but static perfect globes created for the Mughal Emperors, between the 16th-19th centuries.
Next item covered is the Classical GPS: The Equitorium, Torquetum, Astrolabe, Sextant and Orrery. The astrolabe was in use from before the age of Christ until the modern era. An analog computer able to predict and pinpoint the location of heavenly bodies. The sextant, a device that allows navigators to quickly measure the angle of the sun, was another essential gadget on the high seas. The equitorium was able to pinpoint the relative positions of the Moon, Sun and planets without any calculation, mechanical or otherwise, it was first invented by Arzachel in the eleventh Century. Illustrating in miniature a three dimensional model of the solar system, Orreries also model the movements of its constituent bodies.
The last two covered are the Mariner’s Compass and the pocketwatc. Until the second millenium, it was impossible for mariners on the open sea to accurately track latitude. The compass was invented in China in the 11th century and in common use worldwide by the end of the 13th century. The mechanical clock, with its intricate gearing and accuracy, standardized timing.
All of these inventions combined are what have brought us to the point where I can look at my phone and know there is a Starbucks around the corner..